During this period, researchers built a cohesive framework that links processing, structure, and properties through quantitative characterization. The field emphasized multi-method approaches, combining crystallography, spectroscopy, and thermal/elastic testing to map how microstructure and processing influence mechanical, thermal, and transport properties. Standardization of measurement strategies and rapid, non-destructive methods fostered cross-material comparisons across polymers, carbon materials, and ceramics, unifying the discipline's methodology.